Don Chukwuemeka Utulu1, Emuobonuvie Maria Ajiboye2, Irene Eloho Edojaimoni3
1Senior Lecturer, Department of Linguistics, Faculty of Arts, Delta State University, Abraka. ORCID: 0000-0002-4908-1839. Email: dcutulu@delsu.edu.ng
2Lecturer, Department of Linguistics, Faculty of Arts, Delta State University, Abraka. ORCID: 0000-0003-0254-1532. Email: ajiboye@delsu.edu.ng
3Graduate Assistant, Department of Linguistics, Faculty of Arts, Delta State University, Abraka. Email: edojaimoni@delsu.edu.ng
Rupkatha Journal, Vol. 15, Issue 2, June 2023. https://doi.org/10.21659/rupkatha.v15n2.02
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Abstract
Urhobo is a southwest Edoid language spoken in southern Nigeria. Its tonal patterns have been studied, but from a descriptive perspective, which, from a theoretical standpoint, potentially limits the understanding that tonal deviations from underlying forms are essentially due to resolutions of conflicts between some competing constraints. This study adopts the Optimality Theory (OT) to reveal the competing universal constraints: IDENT-T, MAX-T; NoFUSION; LINEARITY; DISASSOC; ALIGN-R CONTOUR; OCP; SPECIFY-T; *FLOAT; and NoCONTOUR. The study shows that these constraints crucially govern the Urhobo tonal patterns such as (i) downstep; (ii) single multiply-linked high (H) tone; (iii) single multiply-linked low (L) tone; (iv) boundary H.H and L.L tones fusion; (v); H-tone preservation; (vi) LH-tone preservation; (vii) floating H tone; and, (viii) final HL contour tone. Moreover, it highlights two Urhobo -specific tonal alternations listed in (v) and (vi), which exhibit preservation of H and LH tones at the expense of L tone, post-lexically. Consequently, it proposes four markedness constraints NoH.L-T, NoL.H-T, NoH.LH-T, and NoL. to explain the preservation effects. Our findings support phonologists’ view that, cross-linguistically, universal (and language-specific) constraints are those that motivate tonal deviations from input forms in tone languages, and that minimally marked tonal outputs are the result of markedness dominance over faithfulness.
Keywords: Downstep, Fusion, H-tone preservation, OT constraints, Urhobo
Article History: Submitted 11 Nov 2022, modified 27 May 2023, accepted 28 May 2023, first
published 01 June 2023