Linguistics

Semantic Model for Fragment of Hindi (Part 2)

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Vivek Tripathi1*  & Dinesh Rathod2  
1Research Scholar, Indian Institute of Technology (BHU) Varanasi. *Corresponding author.
2Research Scholar, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore.

Rupkatha Journal, Vol. 16, Issue 2, 2024. https://doi.org/10.21659/rupkatha.v16n2.02
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Abstract
This paper proposes a formal model for semantic analysis of a fragment of the Hindi language. This paper uses referential noun phrases, transitive and intransitive verb phrases and logical constants to compute the meaning of its sentences generated from the Hindi part-of-speech-tagged corpus features. The paper presents cases of conjunction and negation enriched with idempotent laws that provide semantic computation of simple and complex well-formed formulas. Our system works for any model, with one such model described in our glossary. It deals with the set-theoretic study of essential syntactic categories of Hindi, suggesting the suitability of our rule-based syntactic arrangement and model-based semantic computation by implementing them through an in-house software tool.

Keywords: Natural Languages Processing. Hindi Language Processing. Parser. Context-Free Grammar. Hindi Semantics. Semantic Model for Hindi. Montague Grammar.

Conflicts of Interest: The authors declared no conflicts of interest.
Funding: No funding was received for this research.
Article History: Received: 01 February 2024. Revised: 23 April 2024. Accepted: 24 April 2024. First published: 25 April 2024
Copyright: © 2024 by the author/s.
License: License Aesthetix Media Services, India. Distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
Published by: Aesthetix Media Services, India
Citation: Tripathi, V & Rathod, D. (2024). Semantic Model for Fragment of Hindi (Part 2). Rupkatha Journal 16:2. https://doi.org/10.21659/rupkatha.v16n2.02

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Semantic Model for Fragment of Hindi (Part 1)

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204 views

Vivek Tripathi1*  & Dinesh Rathod2  
1Research Scholar, Indian Institute of Technology (BHU) Varanasi. *Corresponding author.
2Research Scholar, Indian Institute of Science,

Rupkatha Journal, Vol. 16, Issue 1, 2024. https://doi.org/10.21659/rupkatha.v16n1.03g
[Article History: Received: 26 November 2023. Revised: 10 February 2024. Accepted: 11 February 2024. Published: 12 February 2024]
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Abstract

This paper proposes a formal model for syntactic and semantic analysis for the Hindi language using context-free grammar. In this paper, we developed a syntactic parser that generates syntactic trees for Hindi sentences based on rules of propositional logic, and gender conventions. The context-free rules we have written follow a top-down approach with a sentence that goes on self-arrangement. A set of experiments were run based on the corpus we have created, and significant results are presented in this paper. In addition to the above, the model characterizes lexical items in terms of individuals and sets for the syntactic distribution for well-formed formulas.

Keywords: Natural Languages Processing. Hindi Language Processing. Parser. Context-Free Grammar. Parse Tree. Context-Free Rules for Hindi. Montague Grammar. Look Ahead LR Parser.

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Citation: Tripathi, V. & Rathod, D. (2024). Semantic Model for Fragment of Hindi (Part 1). Rupkatha Journal 16:1. https://doi.org/10.21659/rupkatha.v16n1.03g 

The Text of Minangkabau Collective Riddles: Format, Figurative Language, and Social Function for the Collective Owners

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Hasanuddin WS 1, Emidar 2, Zulfadhli 3
1,2,3Indonesian Department, Faculty of Language and Arts, Universitas Negeri Padang.
Rupkatha Journal, Vol. 15, Issue 3, 2023. https://doi.org/10.21659/rupkatha.v15n3.15
[Article History: Received: 21 June 2023. Revised: 18 August 2023. Accepted: 25 August 2023. Published: 26 August 2023]
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Abstract

This research article aims to describe the format, figurative language, and social function of the traditional oral texts of Minangkabau collective riddles in West Sumatra, Indonesia. This research is based on the theory of folklore where riddles are categorized as a significant part of oral tradition that grows and develops orally and traditionally within the Minangkabau collective. The description of the research findings will explain the following points. First, how the format of riddles, consisting of descriptions or questions (descriptive) and answers (referent), is used by the Minangkabau collective. Secondly, it explains how the Minangkabau collective oral style uses figurative language to compose the format of descriptions or questions (descriptive) riddles that they ask to be answered by their listeners. Thirdly, it describes the Minangkabau collective attitude of the owners of the oral tradition, and it explains the importance of the riddles in their social life. This finding is in line with the theory about the social function of oral tradition for the collective owner.

Keywords: Riddles, format, figure of speech, social function, Minangkabau collective, West Sumatra.
Citation: WS, Hasanuddin, Emidar, Zulfadhli. 2023. The Text of Minangkabau Collective Riddles: Format, Figurative Language, and Social Function for the Collective Owners. Rupkatha Journal 15:3. https://doi.org/10.21659/rupkatha.v15n3.15 

A Comparative and Contrastive Study of Arabic and English Metonymic Expressions

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Omar Abdullah Al-Haj Eid 1, Mohammed Nour Abu-Gub 2 & Halla Shureteh 3
1Faculty of Educational Sciences and Arts, UNRWA University
2University of Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
3Hashemite University, Jordan
Rupkatha Journal, Vol. 15, Issue 3, 2023. https://doi.org/10.21659/rupkatha.v15n3.14
[Article History: Received: 06 January 2023. Revised: 30 July 2023. Accepted: 24 August 2023. Published: 26 August 2023]
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Abstract

This study explores Arabic and English metonymy’s literary, semantic, lexical, and aesthetic aspects. It investigates metonymy as a figure of speech and compares its types and functions in the two languages. The study confirms that metonymy is culture-bound – that is the meanings of metonymies derive from the socio-cultural values of societies and can’t be separated from the contexts in which they occur. The study stresses the significance of considering the relationship between the two entities in addition to the socio-cultural background in the analysis of metonymies. The study also demonstrates how, in English, metonymy overlaps with other figures of speech, above all metaphor and synecdoche. This analytical study contributes to a better understanding of metonymy. It compares the definitions, classifications, functions, and points of similarities and differences in the two languages for all learners of Arabic and English as second or foreign languages.

Keywords: metonymic expressions, trope, literal meaning, nonliteral meaning, culture-bound, society
Citation: Eid, Omar Abdullah Al-Haj, Mohammed Nour Abu-Gub & Halla Shureteh. 2023. A Comparative/Contrastive Study of Arabic and English Metonymic Expressions. Rupkatha Journal 15:3. https://doi.org/10.21659/rupkatha.v15n3.14 

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Types of Code-switching among Young Adults with Bilingualism

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Ruba S 1, Prabhu S 2, Kala Samayan 3
1,2,3 Department of Audiology & Speech Language Pathology, SRM Medical College Hospital & Research Centre, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Chennai-603203, Tamil Nadu, India.
Rupkatha Journal, Vol. 15, Issue 3, 2023. https://doi.org/10.21659/rupkatha.v15n3.08
[Article History: Received: 17 May 2023. Revised: 19 August 2023. Accepted: 19 August 2023. Published: 20 August 2023.]
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Abstract

The present study aimed to analyse and compare various forms of code-switching among adult male and female Tamil-English bilinguals. This research involved thirty bilingual (Tamil and English) adults between the ages of 18 and 25. Each participant was given an updated version of the cookie-theft picture and asked to describe it in Tamil. The various kinds of code-switching, such as tag switching, intra-sentential switching, and inter-sentential switching, were identified through the data analysis. Results indicated that language switching occurs more frequently between phrases and that female participants exhibit code-switching significantly higher than male participants, particularly in tag switching. The study findings can help linguists and speech-language pathologists understand the various types of code-switching employed by Tamil-English bilinguals. However, a larger population needs to be studied for further investigation.

Keywords: Code-switching, Bilingualism, Intra-sentential switching, Inter-sentential switching, Tag switching.
[Sustainable Development Goals: Quality Education]
Citation: S, Ruba, Prabhu S, Kala Samayan. 2023. Types of Code-switching among Young Adults with Bilingualism. Rupkatha Journal 15:3. https://doi.org/10.21659/rupkatha.v15n3.08

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Phonological idiosyncrasies of the Southern Sorsogon dialect in Bulan, Philippines

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Dominic Bryan S. San Jose 1 & John Gerald A. Pilar 2
1,2University of Negros Occidental-Recoletos, Philippines
Rupkatha Journal, Vol. 15, Issue 3, 2023. https://doi.org/10.21659/rupkatha.v15n3.05
[Article History: Received: 15 June 2023. Revised: 04 August 2023. Accepted: 09 August 2023. Published: 20 August 2023.]
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Abstract

This research sought to examine the Southern Sorsogon (Sso) dialect’s distinctive phonetic features in Bulan, Philippines. In the urban and rural communities of Bulan in the province of Sorsogon, six native speakers were specifically selected based on the selection criteria. The qualitative text analysis approach used in this study was based on the transcripts of in-person interviews and other contacts between the researchers and native speakers. The Sso dialect’s segmental sounds and phonological characteristics were examined to unravel its phonetic characteristics. Read more>>

Keywords: Bikol, Bikolano, segmental sound, phonological idiosyncrasy, Southern Sorsogon dialect
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Citation: Jose, Dominic Bryan S. San, John Gerald A. Pilar. 2023. Phonological idiosyncrasies of the Southern Sorsogon dialect in Bulan, Philippines. Rupkatha Journal 15:3. https://doi.org/10.21659/rupkatha.v15n3.05 

Neoclassicism in Bangla Word Formation Processes

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Tanushree Sarkar  
Department of English (H&S), Koneru Lakshmaiah Education Foundation, Hyderabad.
Rupkatha Journal, Vol. 15, Issue 3, 2023. https://doi.org/10.21659/rupkatha.v15n3.03
[Article History: Received: 13 February 2023. Revised: 08 August 2023. Accepted: 09 August 2023. Published: 14 August 2023.]
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Abstract

In this paper, I examine the notion of neoclassical word formation in Bangla and attempt to account for all the morpho-phonological interactions of both neoclassical and native Bangla word formation processes under the framework of Rule-based Phonology. The paper has both descriptive and theoretical goals. Bangla has a vast lexicon and a rich morphological system. The abundance of the classical Sanskrit language entities makes it interesting to explore the word formation processes and observe the morphophonological interactions in light of Neoclassicism. The words and affixes in Bangla have been divided into: a) Tadbhava and b) Tatsama c) Deshi (Native) and d) Videshi (Foreign). I study the different word formation processes in Bangla affixes. A rule-based account has been given to account for the morphophonological changes and bring out the essence of Neoclassicism in the Bangla lexicon and contribute towards the study of Bangla phonology and morphology.

Keywords: Bangla, Neoclassical, Morphophonology, Tatsama, Tadbhava
[Sustainable Development Goals: Quality Education]
Citation: Sarkar, Tanushree. 2023. Neoclassicism in Bangla Word Formation Processes. Rupkatha Journal 15:3. https://doi.org/10.21659/rupkatha.v15n3.03 

Contrasting Approaches to Language, Meaning, and Knowledge in Advaita Vedanta and the Western Literary Traditions

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305 views

Aayushee Garg  
Ph.D. in English, Assistant Professor at Amity School of Languages, Amity University, Lucknow.

Rupkatha Journal, Vol. 15, Issue 3, 2023. https://doi.org/10.21659/rupkatha.v15n3.02
[Article History: Received: 12 February 2023. Revised: 08 August 2023. Accepted: 12 August 2023. Published: 14 August 2023]
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 Abstract

The present research article undertakes a comprehensive examination of contrasting approaches to language and meaning, topics that have engendered contemplation and discourse across a range of disciplines including literature, philosophy, and linguistics. The article commences by delving into the foundational disparities between Indian and Western literary theories concerning the intricate relationship binding knowledge and meaning. While the Western tradition concentrates predominantly on interpreting textual meaning, treating literary works as subjects for analysis and critique, the Indian tradition perceives concepts and ideas within texts as indirect indicators of reality and self-realization. The ancient Indian school of thought, Advaita Vednata, presents a distinctive viewpoint on the dynamic interplay between language and meaning. The article further dissects the distinct attributes of the seemingly paradoxical and contradictory language prevalent in classical Indian texts. Through this exploration, it strives to uncover the methodology of constructing meaning as employed within the framework of Advaita Vednata. This analysis is juxtaposed against the approach to linguistic interpretation prevalent in the Western literary tradition—a tradition largely rooted in the empirical world. Advaita Vedanta places significance on direct experience or anubhava, prioritizing it over transmitted knowledge, and acknowledges that the true essence of the self transcends human comprehension. By navigating the quandary of defining literary language, elucidating the process of meaning-making in Western literary theory, delving into Advaita Vednata philosophy, and studying the role of language in representing the essence of the self, this research aspires to contribute meaningfully to the ongoing discourse in the areas of literary criticism and philosophical studies.

Keywords: Language, meaning, self-realization, knowledge, Advaita Vednata.
[Sustainable Development Goals: Quality Education]
Citation: Garg, Aayushee. 2023. Contrasting Approaches to Language, Meaning, and Knowledge in Advaita Vedanta and the Western Literary Traditions. Rupkatha Journal 15:3. https://doi.org/10.21659/rupkatha.v15n3.02.

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Narrative Perspective and Imagined Space: Understanding Japanese-American Experience in Hawaii through Murayama’s Fiction

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Kristiawan Indriyanto1, Esra Perangin-angin2 & Tan Michael Chandra3
1Faculty of Teacher Training and Education: Universitas Prima Indonesia. ORCID: 0000-0001-7827-2506. Email: kristiawanindriyanto@unprimdn.ac.id
2Faculty of Teacher Training and Education: Universitas Prima Indonesia. ORCID: 0000-0003-4240-7071. Email: esraperanginangin@unprimdn.ac.id
3Vocational College: Universitas Pignatelli Triputra. ORCID: 0009-0006-2226-0585. Email: michael.chandra@upitra.ac.id

[Received May 23 2023, modified 28 July 2023, accepted 28 July 2023, first published 29 July 2023]

Rupkatha Journal, Vol. 15, Issue 2, 2023. https://doi.org/10.21659/rupkatha.v15n2.25
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Abstract
This paper contextualizes the intricate relationship between language, culture, and place in Milton Murayama’s All I am Asking for is My Body, underlining the dynamic of the Japanese-American diasporic experience in Hawaii. The econarratological analysis delves into the spatial representation and homodiegetic narration employed by Murayama to immerse readers in the plantation labor experience and the linguistic landscapes of Hawaii. The study examines the complex dynamics between Standard English and Hawaiian Creole English (HCE) in Murayama’s work, highlighting their role in shaping the cultural and linguistic identity of the characters. By employing immersive textual cues, such as vivid descriptive imagery and the strategic use of language styles, Murayama creates a mental model of narratives that accurately depicts the historicity of the Nikkei community, focusing on the plantation labor experience. This paper argues that the deliberate blending of Standard English and HCE in Murayama’s fiction enhances readers’ engagement and understanding of the Nikkei experience and contributes to broader discussions on language, culture, and identity within the context of diaspora literature.

Keywords: econarratology, Hawaii, language and place, Japanese-American literature, story world.

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Echo Construction and Ad hoc Categories: Semantics of Group Reference in Magahi

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Chandan Kumar
Assistant Professor, Christ University, India. ORCID: 0000-0003-0427-9179. Email: chandan.kumar@christuniversity.in

[Received February 03 2023, modified 24 May 2023, accepted 25 July 2023, first published 27 July 2023]

Rupkatha Journal, Vol. 15, Issue 2, 2023. https://doi.org/10.21659/rupkatha.v15n2.22
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Abstract
Recent studies in the domain of heterogeneous plural indicate homogeneous and heterogeneous categories as two separate functional mechanisms. Given the strategic usage of language, the paper locates the pluralizing strategies in speech context and investigates their interpretive nature from the perspective of (non)/restrictive parametric features of categories like associative (APL), similative (SPL) and definite plural in Magahi (ISO639-2 mag), an Indo-Aryan language. Focusing on variables within members of the ad hoc set over the speech act variables like context, intersubjectivity, and culture, the paper endeavours to perceive pluralizing as a strategic approach that extends beyond the realm of mere a number reference. It closely observes the phenomenon of homogeneous and heterogeneous plurality and makes the following claims: (a) echo construction functions as heterogeneous plural in Magahi, (b) the heterogeneous plural falls within the parametric feature of nominal plurality, (c) there is heterogeneity in the homogeneous sets, thus, pluralizing is beyond plural, (d) SPL and APL are two categories because of their interpretational differences and not because of operational, and (e) APLs can have describable references.

Keywords: Ad hoc category, Pluralizing strategy, Echo-word, Associative, Similative, Indo-Aryan, Magahi

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