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Norms and Teachings in the Art of Lovemaking of Kings in Ancient Javanese Manuscripts

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Sahid Teguh WIDODO

The Faculty of Humanities, Universitas Sebelas Maret, Surakarta, Indonesia. Email: sahidteguhwidodo@yahoo.com

 Volume 12, Number 1, January-March, 2020 I Full Text PDF

DOI: 10.21659/rupkatha.v12n1.30

Abstract

The specific goal of this research is to discover the concept of the teachings and norms in the art of lovemaking among the royal elite, in particular Ancient Javanese kings of ancient Javanese manuscripts. Based on its format and character, this research is qualitative-descriptive. The primary data sources for the research are an ancient Javanese manuscript Serat Nitimani and information obtained from interviews with Javanese cultural experts. Other supporting data for the research comes from the Javanese manuscript Serat Kadis Saresmi. The data analysis techniques were both interactive (with informants) and non-interactive (literary). The results of the research show: (1) How to Identify The Human Erogenous Zones, (2) lovemaking behaviour, (3) six stages in the Javanese Art of Lovemaking, (4) a description of the concept of Martabat, or the art of taking care of an unborn child in the womb, and finally (5) the existence of a figure known as Guru Laki who played a role in the sexual lifestyle of the Javanese kingdom. The teachings about lovemaking of the Javanese kings provide a way for learning about the secrets behind the greatness of the kingdom in days gone by. The discovery of knowledge about the status and norms of sexual relations is considered of great importance and holds a high position in the Javanese community.

Keywords: lovemaking, teachings, sexual, Java

Rigvedic Poetic Art: The Language of Literature

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Bibhudatta Dash               
Assistant Professor, Department of Humanities & Social Sciences, Visvesvaraya National Institute of Technology, Nagpur, India. ORCID: 0000-0002-3880-4739. Email: dr.bibhudattadash@gmail.com

 Volume 12, Number 1, January-March, 2020 I Full Text PDF

DOI: 10.21659/rupkatha.v12n1.29

Abstract

This article explores ?gveda and traces the genesis of poetics by interpreting various ?gvedic mantras (sacred utterances) to find out the figures of sound and sense; language of metaphors; linguistic constructs; language of suggestion and aesthetic enjoyment. It shows how Sanskrit rhetoricians were inspired and influenced by the ?gveda and how they succeeded in developing theoretical perspectives of literary art from this original source of art, poetry, and criticism. This research also intends to discuss how the Vedic poet-seers discovered the language of literature in the absence of a formal text on poetics and aims to understand how the literary communications are different from ordinary communications.

Keywords: ?gveda, Poetics, Sound, Sense, Suggestion, Language, Aesthetics, Metaphor

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Ramayana Myth Retold in Hubbu and Kitab Omong Kosong

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Tjahjono Widijanto1, Herman J. Waluyo2, Suyitno3, Suminto A. Sayuti4

1Student of Doctorate Program of Universitas Sebelas Maret, Postgraduate Program of University of Sebelas Maret Surakarta, Indonesia. Email: tjahwid@yahoo.co.id

2,3Faculty of Teacher Training and Education, University of Sebelas Maret, Surakarta, Indonesia

4Faculty of Language and Art, State University of Yogyakarta, Yogyakarta, Indonesia

 Volume 12, Number 1, January-March, 2020 I Full Text PDF

DOI: 10.21659/rupkatha.v12n1.28

Abstract

The study focused on the myth of Ramayana in Kitab Omong Kosong and Hubbu. It adopted a qualitative approach and descriptive-interpretative data analysis technique by referring to the Analysis of Cultural Studies through multi-disciplinary theories of poststructuralism concerning the nature of difference and multicultural as well as the rejection to metanarrative. The poststructuralism theory which is introduced in this study is the deconstruction theory that has three characteristics. Firstly, deconstruction will offer a strategy to identify contradictions in the political thoughts or ideological tendencies that consciously and unconsciously arise in the texts. Secondly, through deconstruction, the literary texts and their contexts and traditions can be treated as a means to open up new possibilities of assumptions and changes that for long have been deemed impossible. Thirdly, deconstruction facilitates the decomposition of strict ideologies in language and mind. The findings revealed that Kitab Omong Kosong adopted Ramayana’s last episode, Uttara Kanda in dismantling the prevailing myths. The dismantlement occurred to the myths of satriya (knights), war and the king’s power, as well as the deconstruction of binary opposition in the narrative. Meanwhile, Hubbu adopted Ramayana’s first episode, Bala Kanda. It showed the cultural dialects between Javanese culture and pesantren (Islamic school) life in the form of syncretism of wayang (puppet) myth and pesantren (Islamic school) culture. In addition to the cultural syncretism, the novel also offered dialogical texts by syncretizing other narrative elements, such as oral literary genre, wayang genre, and babad genre in the forms of modern narrative.

Keywords:  myth, Ramayana, novel.

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Human Right Awareness and Advocacy Role of Youth in Kerala: An Empirical Analysis

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K. M. Ashifa

Department of Social Work, Faculty of Health Science, Istanbul Gelisim University, Istanbul – Turkey. Email: ashifakattur@gmail.com

 Volume 12, Number 1, January-March, 2020 I Full Text PDF

DOI: 10.21659/rupkatha.v12n1.27

 Abstract

Human rights are inherent with our nature and are essential as they provide dignity, freedom and protection. Human rights awareness is an ability of individual to have consciousness on their basic rights. It is vital to address the underlying causes of human rights violations, prevent human rights violations, fight racism, promote equality and increase participation of citizens in democratic decision-making (Council of European Portal, 2017). Transformational human rights learning imbues people with knowledge that world should be and can be different. Practice, opportunities to learn new lessons and skills are a core element of human rights learning (Tolman, 2000).  Active youth participation in the process of inculcating human right values for combat violations and create a society with justice and peace. They can disseminate information on human rights and it can make youth as advocates of human rights.  The present study focused to find the role of youth to protect human rights and their involvement in the activities of welfare programmes as National Service Scheme (NSS) and Nehru Yuva Kendra (NYK). The study showed that awareness of the human rights of youth and their efforts to protect their rights are positively interrelated, as awareness can lead to advocacy and this is achieved through NSS and NYK programs.

Key Words: Human Rights Education, Youth, Participation  and Protection

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The Question of Female Embodiment and Sexual Agency in Anuradha Sharma Pujari’s Kanchan

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Koyel Chanda

Research scholar, Dept. of English, Pondicherry University. ORCID: 0000-0002-9375-2572. Email: chandakoyel@gmail.com

 Volume 12, Number 1, January-March, 2020 I Full Text PDF

DOI: 10.21659/rupkatha.v12n1.25

Abstract

The association of women with body has generated a host of negative connotations that have been used to justify their limited political and social role. So, questions regarding the female body and sexual agency are of utmost importance in feminist theories. Anuradha Sharma Pujari, an Assamese author has explored the complex question of female sexual agency in her novel Kanchan. The novel narrates the upheavals caused in the life of its economically and educationally disadvantaged eponymous character when she decides to use her body to make a living for herself and her family. The focus of the paper will be to understand the concept of women embodiment and the complexities surrounding female sexual agency with the help of embodiment theories most notably those forwarded by Meenakshi Thapan.

Keywords: women, embodiment, sexual agency, body, feminism

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Partition Trauma and Women: Unending Lament in Shoba Rao’s An Unrestored Women and Other Stories

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Kirankumar Nittali

Assistant Professor, Department of English,  Presidency University Bangalore, India.

Email: kirankumarnittali@gmail.com

 Volume 12, Number 1, January-March, 2020 I Full Text PDF

DOI: 10.21659/rupkatha.v12n1.24

Abstract

The Partition of India has gained widespread scholarly attention as a result of its massive political, social, economic, historical and moral significance in not only the affected countries, India, Pakistan and Bangladesh but also the whole world. However, not much attention has been paid to the experiences of women during the partition particularly with regard to the violence inflicted upon them, the consequent trauma and then the inevitable reliving of those horrors in memory.  This paper on Shobha Rao’s collection of short stories, An Unrestored Womenand Other Stories (2016) attempts to analyse select fictions and female characters who were victims of Partition, including those who experienced life in refugee homes and repatriation camps, the hitherto concealed narratives.

Keywords: Partition, Trauma, Women, Shoba Rao

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Reliving the Partition in Eastern India: Memories of and Memoirs by Women across the Borders

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Sharmistha Chatterjee Sriwastav

Associate Professor, Department of English, Aliah University, City Campus, West Bengal, India. ORCID: 0000-0001-6771-0435. Email Id: dr.s.c.sriwastav@gmail.com

 Volume 12, Number 1, January-March, 2020 I Full Text PDF

DOI: 10.21659/rupkatha.v12n1.23

Abstract

Genocide in Bangladesh: 1971 (2015), edited by A.K.M Nasimul Kamal is a well- documented, organised and factual record of newspaper clippings from all over the world. A collective effort, it is an objective, yet horrific account of the brutal atrocities of West Pakistanis on the Bengalis in East Pakistan, carefully interspersed with the international politics behind it.  Compared to this unparalleled book and many others like this, memoirs by individual women recording the carnage during the Bangladesh Liberation Struggle are pale, unreliable and flickering comments on the events and the real politick behind the bloodbath. Yet as the paper argues, these memoirs and interviews by various women, from all walks of life, do create an alternative history- a history characterised and problematised by doubts, gaps, lapses, silences, turbulences and half realized truths.

Autobiographical accounts by Begum Mushtari Shafi (translated, 2006),cand Farida Huq (2008), former a social activist and latter an educationist coupled with interviews given by several ordinary, poor women across the borders ( recorded in 2009) demand closer attention to themselves by recreating the gruesome days. Falling back on their personal repertoire which oscillates between the home and the world, these largely anecdotal narratives fill in the void of homogeneous official records. These memoirs do retrieve how women acted or were acted upon in the devastation which changed their lives permanently.

Keywords: Partition, Women, Eastern India, Memories, Memoirs, alternative, history, lapses, void.

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Ethics of Advertisement and Marketing Policies: An Indian Perspective

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Yashmita Awasthi1, Barkha Kakkar2 & Aakanksha Uppal3

1, 2 Assistant Professor, Institute of Technology and Science, Mohan Nagar, Ghaziabad. Corresponding email: yashmitaawasthi@gmail.com

3Assistant Professor, Symbiosis Centre for Management Studies, NOIDA, Constituent of

Symbiosis International (Deemed) University                                                                        

 Volume 12, Number 1, January-March, 2020 I Full Text PDF

DOI: 10.21659/rupkatha.v12n1.22

Abstract:

Marketing ethics and customer relations are at the heart of the success of every business enterprise. Customers, of course, expect the same thoughtful service. Some of the key customer standards include quality of service, responsiveness, understanding and acceptance of value-added brands. Ethical marketing is a mechanism through which the company generates consumer interest in products / management, develops strong customer image / connections and attracts all partners by integrating social and environmental concerns into products and signs of progress. India’s advertising industry has expanded significantly in recent years and has become a global map. However, over the years, content, messages and methods of advertising and marketing have created serious ethical problems. In today’s competitive market, companies often pursue ethical marketing practices in order to survive in a highly competitive market. The objective of this paper is to address ethical issues related to print or television advertising in India and to determine the different types of ethical advertising that are unethical in India in relation to the standards set by the Advertising Standards Council of India (ASCI). The study concluded that advertising morality was indeed a problem. Improving advertising ethics requires a strong understanding of regulations and definitions. Organizations should, therefore, determine how they actually conduct marketing that is ethically and socially responsible.

KEYWORDS: Marketing, Ethics, Advertising, Customer

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Physical Qualities and Elements of Streets in the Context of Royal Town in Malaysia

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Wan Norisma Wan Ismail1,2, Nor Haslina Ja’afar2, Nor Zalina Harun2

1Department of Architecture, Faculty of Engineering and Built Environment,Universiti Sains Islam Malaysia. Email: norisma@usim.edu.my

2Centre of Architecture and Built Environment Innovative (SeRAMBI), Programme Architecture, Secretariat of Identity of National Architecture, Faculty of Engineering

and Built Environment, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia

 Volume 12, Number 1, January-March, 2020 I Full Text PDF

DOI: 10.21659/rupkatha.v12n1.21

Abstract

Streets are the basic elements in the urban structure and it characterized the townscape and image of the town. The street provides a link between buildings, both within the street, and in the town at large. Streets and buildings must be appropriate to, and unique to, the particular town in which they are located. This article is based on the findings of a doctoral research examining characteristics of street from the aspect of building appearance in the royal town of Kuala Kangsar. Mixed methodology approached are adopted using the triangulation design through the combination of quantitative data with qualitative data to further analyze the relations between them and subsequently validated by focus group discussions. The study found that building is a key component that forms the character of a street and it is contributed by physical qualities such as attractiveness,visibility and human scale. These physical qualities are contributed by physical elements namely building design, building skyline, building continuity and consistency, vertical elements, appearance of civic building, marker sequences, building scale and enclosure. While each of these elements are influenced by factors such as building location,building function, building age, building height and size, building form, building openings, roof form, architectural style, facade treatment and decorations, building signage, street width, five-foot walkway and quality of view. The paper concludes by establishing that street characteristics has a significant contribution in preserving the identity of the royal town therefore it should be consideredfor the improvement and refinement of existing guidelines regarding the physical design of streets in the royal towns of Malaysia.

Keywords: Street, character, royal, town, physical, elements, qualities.

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Sustaining the Environment: the Wisdom of Banyumas Women in Ahmad Tohari’s Novels

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Septi Yulisatiani1, Sarwiji Suwandi2, Suyitno3, Slamet Subiyantoro4

1,2,3,4Faculty of Teacher Training and Education. Email: septiyulisetiani@gmail.com

1,2,3,4Sebelas Maret University, Indonesia

 Volume 12, Number 1, January-March, 2020 I Full Text PDF

DOI: 10.21659/rupkatha.v12n1.19

Abstract

This article discusses the wisdom of Banyumas women in preserving the environment, as represented in the novels of Ahmad Tohari. In this study, ‘Banyumas women’ is the term used for women who live in the Banyumas area, central Java, Indonesia and who perform activities which preserve their environment. Research into literary works such as Ahmad Tohari’s novels is important because its results can be used as guidelines for readers in choosing quality literature. This research was conducted employing an ecofeminism approach to literary texts. The research method used is qualitative content analysis and the data is drawn from six novels by Ahmad Tohari. The results of the study show that novels by Ahmad Tohari depict women who engage in activities which manage the environment wisely. These activities include wisely conducted activities in processing natural resources into food and herbal medicines, using environmentally friendly equipment in daily living, preserving domesticated animals and their habitats, and in utilizing nature as a medium and a place to play for their children. These environment-preserving activities represented in Ahmad Tohari’s novels can be used as a guide for people around the world for preserving their own environments.

Keywords: Women’s activities, wisdom, environment, novel, Indonesia

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