Vol 15 No 2

Terroristic Torture in George Orwell’s 1984 and Abdul-Sattar Nasir’s Eggplant Peels

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620 views

Bushra Juhi Jani
College of Medicine, Al-Nahrain University, Baghdad, Iraq. Orcid: 0000-0002-8981-7003. Email: bushrajani@nahrainuniv.edu.iq

[Sustainable Development Goals: Peace, Justice and Strong Institutions]

Rupkatha Journal, Vol. 15, Issue 2, 2023. https://doi.org/10.21659/rupkatha.v15n2.29
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Abstract
This essay examines the theme of terroristic torture and its effects on both the victim and the torturer in Orwell’s 1984 and Abdul-Sattar Nasir’s Eggplant Peels. Through an analysis of the two novels, the essay distinguishes between terroristic and interrogational torture and explains how the former is often used to achieve an end at the expense of the victim’s well-being, and how the torturer is also impacted by their acts of cruelty. The victim of torture may suffer from post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), anxiety, depression, and other mental health problems. On the other hand, the torturer may experience feelings of guilt, shame, and remorse, as well as psychological trauma and other negative consequences of their actions. The impact of Orwell on Nasir is discerned in the similarities in characterization between the two novels. The characters of O’Brien in 1984 and Dohan in the Iraqi novel are studied as government officials responsible for the terroristic torture of the protagonists of these novels. The essay concludes by highlighting the psychological impact of torture on both the victim and the perpetrator and emphasizing the moral implications of causing pain to others.

Keywords: Terroristic torture, torturers, 1984, Abdul-Sattar Nasir, Saddam’s regime.

The Motives and Behavior of Malaysian Chinese Using China’s Social Media

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477 views

Haoyuan Yu1 & Farideh Alizadeh2
1Faculty of Creative Arts, University of Malaya (UM), 50603, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
ORCID ID: 0000-0003-3223-2685. Email: Henryyu0820@gmail.com
2Corresponding author, Department of Drama, Faculty of Creative Arts, University of Malaya (UM), 50603, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. ORCID ID: 0000-0001-5695-5314. Email: farideh@um.edu.my

[Received 24 May 2023, modified 17 July 2023, accepted 25 July 2023, first published 31 July 2023]

[Sustainable Development Goals: Decent Work and Economic Growth]

Rupkatha Journal, Vol. 15, Issue 2, 2023. https://doi.org/10.21659/rupkatha.v15n2.28
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Abstract
With the increasing number of overseas users of China’s social media (CSM), this study aimed to explore the motivation and behavior of Malaysian Chinese in using Chinese social media platforms. A questionnaire was done to 219 Malaysian Chinese, and the data were analyzed using descriptive statistics and regression analysis in SPSS. The results show that Malaysian Chinese use CSM with high frequency and duration. Their main motives are information, entertainment, and interpersonal interaction. The results indicated that entertainment motivation (?=0.448, p=0.000), information motivation (?=0.348, p=0.000), self-presentation motivation (?=0.142, p=0.047), and social motivation significantly (?=-0.249, p=0.000) affected the use of CSM among Malaysian Chinese, while business motivation did not. Overall, this study provides valuable insights into the patterns of Malaysian Chinese usage of CSM and their motivations, which is crucial for marketers and advertisers trying to effectively target this group on social media platforms. Moreover, the findings of this study have important implications for cross-country communication and exchange within the same ethnic culture.

Keywords: Motivation; behavior, regression analysis, Malaysian Chinese, China’s social media.

Vietnamese Teachers’ Beliefs About Fostering Learner Autonomy in English Teaching and Learning

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319 views

Duyen. N. T. Ngo1, Vy. T. M. Luu2
1Ho Chi Minh City University of Economics and Finance, Vietnam. ORCID: 0000-0002-7314-1352. Email: duyennnt@uef.edu.vn
2Ho Chi Minh City University of Economics and Finance, Vietnam. ORCID: 0000-0003-0231-3863. Email: vyltm@uef.edu.vn

[Received 23 January 2023, modified 23 June 2023, accepted 15 July 2023, first published 29 July 2023]

Rupkatha Journal, Vol. 15, Issue 2, 2023. https://doi.org/10.21659/rupkatha.v15n2.27
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Abstract
Driven by rapid technological developments together with social and economic changes, the demand for flexible education has grown in a way that the cultivation of learner autonomy (LA) has become a worldwide phenomenon, especially in language learning and teaching. In this sense, the study reported here makes further contributions to the understanding of teachers’ beliefs in fostering LA in English learning and teaching at the tertiary level in Vietnam. The study adopted a complete qualitative approach to exploring how 10 Vietnamese teachers perceive LA based on their previous teaching experiences. Data analysis from an in-depth interview reveals that participants gave multiple interpretations of LA and admitted that Vietnam’s deep-rooted traditional teaching culture causes the main constraints on developing autonomous learning. Besides, these teachers seem fully aware of the significance of LA but not the “how” in assisting learners with exercising LA both within and beyond educational settings. The findings also propose some pedagogic implications for teacher development as well as curriculum development in English learning and teaching at tertiary levels.

Keywords: teachers’ beliefs, learner autonomy, English language learning, Vietnamese context.
[Sustainable Development Goals: Quality Education]

Reminiscences of Kothas: Exploring Spatial Intimacies in Ruth Vanita’s Memory of Light

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560 views

Ankita Chatterjee1 & Sutanuka Banerjee2
1Research Scholar, Department of Humanities and Social Sciences, National Institute of Technology, Durgapur. ORCID: 0000-0003-2714-7080. Email: ankita.chatterjee70@gmail.com
2Assistant Professor, Department of Humanities and Social Sciences, National Institute of Technology, Durgapur. ORCID: 0000-0002-7219-4778. Email: sutanuka.banerjee@hu.nitdgp.ac.in

[Received May 19 2023, modified 25 July 2023, accepted 28 July 2023, first published 29 July 2023]

Rupkatha Journal, Vol. 15, Issue 2, 2023. https://doi.org/10.21659/rupkatha.v15n2.26
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Abstract
This paper aims to study the representation of same-sex desire in Ruth Vanita’s Memory of Light (2020) and analyze how the socio-spatial dynamics of the kotha helps to reconstruct female-to-female intimacy and convey a different idea of community and a sense of belonging in history. The novel, which traces the relationship between two courtesans, is also a recreation of the pre-modern Lucknow and its vibrant kothas with distinct architectural features. Beyond its overt function of entertaining the male patrons, the kothas as all-female establishments also served as a space of security and intimacy for women. The paper outlines the politics of situating same-sex desire in the historical backdrop of pre-colonial era. It uses concepts from Feminist Theory, Cultural Geography and Memory Studies, to examine the importance of kothas as a material and an ideological space, in facilitating discourses on gender variance, intimacy, and friendship that entered the cultural production of the time. In particular, the analysis intends to emphasize the frequent entanglement between the spatial features and women’s intimate practices as a distinct way of articulating same-sex desire that dissolves the binary understanding of hetero/homosexuality. Therefore, by insisting on the remembrance of kothas, the paper delineates how the ‘memory of places’ carves out two functions in the context of lesbian politics. On the one hand, it generates a ‘symbolic continuum’ to the history of women loving women to reframe postcolonial categorical understanding of ‘lesbian’ in contemporary times, and on the other, by infusing strategic use of metafictional elements, it emerges as a subversive mode of narrating stories of same-sex love while negotiating with the historical erasure of spaces of female-to female desire.

Keywords. kothas, space, intimacy, community, same-sex desire, memory.
[Sustainable Development Goals: Decent Work and Economic Growth, Gender Equality]

Narrative Perspective and Imagined Space: Understanding Japanese-American Experience in Hawaii through Murayama’s Fiction

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297 views

Kristiawan Indriyanto1, Esra Perangin-angin2 & Tan Michael Chandra3
1Faculty of Teacher Training and Education: Universitas Prima Indonesia. ORCID: 0000-0001-7827-2506. Email: kristiawanindriyanto@unprimdn.ac.id
2Faculty of Teacher Training and Education: Universitas Prima Indonesia. ORCID: 0000-0003-4240-7071. Email: esraperanginangin@unprimdn.ac.id
3Vocational College: Universitas Pignatelli Triputra. ORCID: 0009-0006-2226-0585. Email: michael.chandra@upitra.ac.id

[Received May 23 2023, modified 28 July 2023, accepted 28 July 2023, first published 29 July 2023]

Rupkatha Journal, Vol. 15, Issue 2, 2023. https://doi.org/10.21659/rupkatha.v15n2.25
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Abstract
This paper contextualizes the intricate relationship between language, culture, and place in Milton Murayama’s All I am Asking for is My Body, underlining the dynamic of the Japanese-American diasporic experience in Hawaii. The econarratological analysis delves into the spatial representation and homodiegetic narration employed by Murayama to immerse readers in the plantation labor experience and the linguistic landscapes of Hawaii. The study examines the complex dynamics between Standard English and Hawaiian Creole English (HCE) in Murayama’s work, highlighting their role in shaping the cultural and linguistic identity of the characters. By employing immersive textual cues, such as vivid descriptive imagery and the strategic use of language styles, Murayama creates a mental model of narratives that accurately depicts the historicity of the Nikkei community, focusing on the plantation labor experience. This paper argues that the deliberate blending of Standard English and HCE in Murayama’s fiction enhances readers’ engagement and understanding of the Nikkei experience and contributes to broader discussions on language, culture, and identity within the context of diaspora literature.

Keywords: econarratology, Hawaii, language and place, Japanese-American literature, story world.

[Sustainable Development Goals: Reduced Inequalities]

A Study of the Mediating Effect of Work Stress on Work-life Conflict and Turnover Intention in the Private Higher Education Sector in India

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324 views

Soni Rathi1 & Praveen Kumar2
1Research Scholar, University School of Business, Chandigarh University.
ORCID: 0000-0002-2997-8622. Email: sonirathi.r20@gmail.com
2Assistant Professor, University School of Business, Chandigarh University.
ORCID: 0000-0002-7503-3531. Email: Praveen.usb@cumail.in. Corresponding Author

[Received June 28 2023, modified 28 July 2023, accepted 28 July 2023, first published 29 July 2023]

Rupkatha Journal, Vol. 15, Issue 2, 2023. https://doi.org/10.21659/rupkatha.v15n2.24
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Abstract
The main focus of this study is to analyze the impact of work-life conflict on turnover intention and examine the impact of work stress as a mediating variable among the teaching employees of private higher education institutions. The current study drew upon samples of 145 teaching employees of private higher education institutions in the education sector of Haryana. A questionnaire was administered to gather the necessary information. Data was evaluated by using the Smart PLS (v.3.2.9) software. In addition, structural equation modeling was conducted to achieve the study’s objectives, and SPSS 25 software was used to compute the demographic profile of teaching employees. The findings indicated that the turnover intention of teaching employees is positively associated with work-life conflict and work stress. In addition, work stress as an intervening variable positively and significantly impacts kinship amid work-life conflict and turnover intention. The teaching employees like to stay in their institutions if there is no work stress. The main concern is not only reducing the work stress of teaching employees but also reforming the quality and level (of work), so they can have less work-life conflict, thus reducing turnover intentions. To dwindle job-related stressors and work-life conflict among employees, various family-friendly benefits and job stress management policies may provide the benefits. This study enhances the understanding of work-life conflicts and work stress. Further, it also has taken into account some antecedents of work-life conflict and work stress, which will aid researchers and academicians in comprehending their impact on turnover intention. The current study has discussed limitations and future directions.

Keywords: Work-life conflict, Work stress, Turnover intention, Teaching employees, Private higher education institutions

[Sustainable Development Goals: Reduced Inequalities, Good Health and Wellbeing, Decent Work and Economic Growth]

Of Maternal Uncles and Mangalik Brides: Sakuni in the Folk Narrations of The Mahabharata

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418 views

Seema Sinha1, Kumar Sankar Bhattacharya2 & Sailaja Nandigama3
1Ph.D. and a Post-Doc from the Department of Humanities and Social Sciences, BITS Pilani, Pilani Campus, Rajasthan. Email: p2015101@pilani.bits-pilani.ac.in
2Associate Professor in the Department of Humanities and Social Sciences BITS Pilani, Pilani Campus, Rajasthan. Email: kumar.bhattacharya@pilani.bits-pilani.ac.in
3Associate Professor, Department of Humanities and Social Sciences, BITS Pilani, Pilani Campus, Rajasthan. Email: sailajan@pilani.bits-pilani.ac.in

[Received February 10 2023, modified 24 July 2023, accepted 25 July 2023, first published 29 July 2023]

Rupkatha Journal, Vol. 15, Issue 2, 2023. https://doi.org/10.21659/rupkatha.v15n2.23
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Abstract
The timelessness of The Mahabharata lies in its ability to re-invent itself, thereby giving the society a chance to re-negotiate, revise, and revive the discourse. It also gives the so-called ‘villains of the piece’, well established in the ‘rogues’ gallery’, a chance to redeem themselves. One such character is Sakuni, the ‘shrewd’ maternal uncle of the Kauravas, whose negative image in Vyasa’s textual universe is questioned by the folk renditions of the grand epic. The Oriya Mahabharata by Sarala Das views Sakuni not as the master conspirator who brought about the great war, but as a victim who suffered because of the court politics of the Kauravas. The strong popular culture that supports him is also evident in the narratives of the Kalbelias of Rajasthan, and in the folk renderings of the epic in Kerala. This makes us reflect as to why the meta-narrative has vilified Sakuni and treated him with contempt when the folk traditions view him in a more charitable light, or at least give him the benefit of doubt. This paper utilizes narrative research methods to understand the dehumanization of Sakuni in the dominant discourse. It employs the postmodern theories of psychoanalytical criticism and deconstruction in the study of the petite narratives associated with Sakuni to facilitate engagement, plurality, and divergence in the discourse. The paper attempts to read the chronicles of self, society, and social justice in these lesser-known narratives to liberate Sakuni from his filial debt and relocate him into the discursive universe.

Keywords: The Mahabharata, Sakuni, discursive, petite narratives, oral tradition, plurality, social justice

[Sustainable Development Goals: Peace, Justice and Strong Institutions, Reduced Inequalities]

Echo Construction and Ad hoc Categories: Semantics of Group Reference in Magahi

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330 views

Chandan Kumar
Assistant Professor, Christ University, India. ORCID: 0000-0003-0427-9179. Email: chandan.kumar@christuniversity.in

[Received February 03 2023, modified 24 May 2023, accepted 25 July 2023, first published 27 July 2023]

Rupkatha Journal, Vol. 15, Issue 2, 2023. https://doi.org/10.21659/rupkatha.v15n2.22
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Abstract
Recent studies in the domain of heterogeneous plural indicate homogeneous and heterogeneous categories as two separate functional mechanisms. Given the strategic usage of language, the paper locates the pluralizing strategies in speech context and investigates their interpretive nature from the perspective of (non)/restrictive parametric features of categories like associative (APL), similative (SPL) and definite plural in Magahi (ISO639-2 mag), an Indo-Aryan language. Focusing on variables within members of the ad hoc set over the speech act variables like context, intersubjectivity, and culture, the paper endeavours to perceive pluralizing as a strategic approach that extends beyond the realm of mere a number reference. It closely observes the phenomenon of homogeneous and heterogeneous plurality and makes the following claims: (a) echo construction functions as heterogeneous plural in Magahi, (b) the heterogeneous plural falls within the parametric feature of nominal plurality, (c) there is heterogeneity in the homogeneous sets, thus, pluralizing is beyond plural, (d) SPL and APL are two categories because of their interpretational differences and not because of operational, and (e) APLs can have describable references.

Keywords: Ad hoc category, Pluralizing strategy, Echo-word, Associative, Similative, Indo-Aryan, Magahi

“You’ve Got to Know How to Speak Animalese”: Literary Explorations of Engagements with the Animal Other

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316 views

Jessica Murray
University of South Africa, Pretoria, South Africa. Email: murraj@unica.ac.za. ORCID: 0000-0001-8383-2459

[Received 25 May 2023, modified 26 July 2023, accepted 27 July 2023, first published 27 July 2023]

Rupkatha Journal, Vol. 15, Issue 2, 2023. https://doi.org/10.21659/rupkatha.v15n2.20
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Abstract

As the harmful impact of anthropogenic activity on the environment becomes increasingly glaring, it has become more urgent than ever to find more ethical and sustainable ways of engaging with the other animals with whom we share space. From extreme weather events to food supply disruptions and species extinctions, it is no longer possible to cling to the hubristic myth of an independent human who exercises dominion over nature. Our actions and choices have very real, immediate, and often unintended environmental consequences and our own species survival depends on accepting this inter-dependent reality in a spirit of respectful responsibility. While climate change is now widely considered to be an issue that demands serious attention, this article will argue that any attempt to foster greater environmental care will be compromised if we fail to listen to the voices of the animal other. I will explore the ways in which other animals try to speak and the challenges that inevitably arise when attempting to hear those voices by anchoring my argument in a literary analysis of selected contemporary novels. I will demonstrate that, even when authors represent characters who care deeply about the environment, animals tend to fall through the cracks of their activist commitments, and they repeatedly turn away from opportunities to listen respectfully to the voices of animals.

Keywords:  Animal, voice, listening, climate change, violence, environment, contemporary fiction

[Sustainable Development Goals: Climate Action, Life on Land]

Book Review: The Collected Works of Jim Morrison: Poetry, Journals, Transcripts, and Lyrics

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634 views

2nd Edition, Harper Design, USA, 2022, pp.584, price- 50$

Reviewed by

Dwaipayan Roy

Research Scholar, Department of Humanities and Social Sciences, National Institute of Technology Mizoram, Chaltlang, Aizawl, Mizoram, India. Email- brucewayne130@gmail.com.

Rupkatha Journal, Vol. 15, Issue 2, 2023. https://doi.org/10.21659/rupkatha.v15n2.19
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A musical enigma or a poet? Jim Morrison seems to fit both quite easily. There are several biographies of Jim Morrison and his cult rock band, “Doors”. But no other book offers a treat to Jim Morrison fans across the globe like The Collected Works of Jim Morrison. This anthology is the result of a collaboration between Harper Design (an imprint of Harper Collins publication) and the Jim Morrison Estate. An engaging combination of 160 photographs and Morrison’s own comments on the work accompany the text throughout the book. These include fragments from his 28 secretly owned journals. This book is like an archive for all Jim Morrison lovers; it contains manuscripts, drafts, diaries, lyrics, poetry, and a script written by the legend in his own handwriting, which has never been printed previously. A striking fact about the book is that its cover is printed with the name “James Douglas Morrison,” a name that Morrison preferred all his life when it came to publishing. The book, once opened, mesmerizes the readers with its stunning 582 color pages, drawing inspiration and retaining the originality of the rocker’s notebook from his schooldays (spanning over 100 pages). Readers will be delighted by the random snippets of poetry and lyrics from his iconic rock band, “The Doors,” the inclusion of which indeed makes it a collector’s edition. That’s not all. This anthology also comes as an audio book. The readers can dip themselves in the shamanic voice of the rocker through the legendary poetry recording by Morrison in West Los Angeles in 1970(courtesy Village recorder studio). For the first time, a full collection of Morrison’s work has been released, and it is exhaustive in the sense that it provides readers an insight into the artist’s philosophy behind his creativity and allows them access to his thoughts and ideas.” In his remarkable performance in 1969, the poet criticized his generation for their lack of creativity and determination and their entrapment in the fixed doctrines dictated by the social establishment. According to the poet, individuals of his generation were unable to create their own reality and were enslaved by its fixed frameworks. There are several explanations for the frustration and nasty attitude shown by the poet towards his generation. Few critics believe that the counter-culture movement celebrated “peace” as an ideology, which might have led to the anger of the poet. Morrison as a poet always celebrated the Dionysian energy (emblem of chaos and destruction) to create reality. There was an obvious clash of both ideologies. Morrison was charged with an allegation of indulging in indecency during the infamous Miami concert of 1969. This collection comes with an extract of his trial journal entries, written during his 1970 Miami trial. These extracts provide the readers a glimpse into the psyche of the rock star and his inner conflict during that trial. Morrison spent the last phase of his life in the City of Lights, i.e., Paris. His fans are curious about that phase of his life. This anthology is enriched by the inclusion of the Paris notebook (his last writings) in a readable format, which has never been released before. Morrison’s love for film is not unknown. This anthology celebrates Morrison’s passion for films in the form of releasing his treatment of the screenplay and script of the unreleased film “Hitchhiker.” There are several colorful snaps of Jim Morrison’s family and moments from his eccentric performance, which provide the readers with a surreal and cinematic experience in viewing Morrison’s roots and career highlights. Morrison indeed lived a bohemian life, but his contribution to poetry and song-writing cannot be ignored. The seriousness and genius of his poetry cannot be undermined in the below instances. We shall discuss here six of our favorite Jim Morrison masterpieces (included in this book) among many to adhere to the word-limit.

 Opening of the Trunk– Morrison gifts us with this metamorphic critical piece where he brings out the struggle of the soul towards its salvation. Salvation of the soul is not easy. It’s like unlocking the lid of a locked box or trunk. The poet beautifully bridges spiritualism and literature in this poem.

                                                           “Let’s re-create the world

                                                        The palace of conception is burning

                                             Look. See it burn / Bask in the warm hot coals.”

The poet urges his readers to work on their intrapersonal skills. The poet encourages his readers to explore their inner selves. A person who does not know his/her inner identity or what he/she wants in life is unable to connect to any form of life, be it other human beings or the environment at large. Like an unlocked trunk, when we unlock ourselves from ‘Self-Ego’, we open ourselves to the universe. The soul is eternal and it is not confined to the physical body, time and space. By realizing “self”/true nature will lead us to connect with the oneness of the universe. This will lead us to unfetter the shackles of bondage and narrow confinement from the parochial cycle of life and death. The poet believed that personal freedom would only come with the rediscovering of the self. This self-realization would recreate the world in a new light, as the opening line of the poem states. Interestingly, the poet’s message is similar to Vedantic philosophy, though Morrison perhaps never read Vedanta. Vedantic philosophy believes that the discovery of self is the toughest. After that discovery, nothing is left to be discovered.

If Only I– Revisiting innocence and childhood is the dream of every individual. Tired of the complexities of modern life, the poet longs for the simple joys of life accompanied by the sights and sounds of nature. The stanzas take us down memory lane and make us nostalgic.

                                                          “If only I could feel,

                             The sound of the sparrows & feel child hood pulling me back again,

                                             If only I could feel me pulling back again &

                                      Feel embraced by reality again I would die, gladly die”

Stoned Immaculate– Morrison tried to imbibe several notions of Christianity, the Bible and the Afterlife in his poetry. Combining all these elements, he tried to address practical moral issues of daily life. One such example is Stoned Immaculate:

                                                     “Soft driven, slow and mad /

                                                        Like some new language

                           “Reaching your head with the cold, sudden fury of a divine messenger

                                      Let me tell you about heartache and the loss of God

                                                Wandering, wandering in hopeless night.”

The poet breaks the traditional concept of the afterlife as existing in Christian philosophy. It’s not the mere confession of sins but good “Karma” that transforms death into an ultimate truth or reward. The poet urges his readers to face the uncertainties of life fearlessly, and that, in turn, would equip them to face death bravely. The concept of death is viewed by the poet as an “eternal reward”.  The philosophical concept here is striking. Accepting the uncertainties of life would automatically lead to the acceptance of the uncertainties of the afterlife. Through these verses, Morrison encourages his readers to live life to the fullest instead of living a mere existence in the shadow of fear.

The Hitchhiker- Famously titled “Riders on the Storm”, experimenting with the fusion of conversational poetry and song. When converted into a song, it broke all records. This poem brings the reader face to face with his/her primal or fundamental instincts

                                                        “Riders on the Storm

                                                       Into this house we’re born

                                                    Into this world we are thrown”

. The poet has a unique style of presenting the uncertainties of life in the first stanza. What he means to say is that we have no control over our fate while being born. Our birth is controlled by fate or is not in our hands to decide. The poet has consciously used personification to personify human existence, as if trying to tame a storm.

Awake- This poem highlights Morrison’s tendency to choose ambiguity over traditional rhyme. Readers feel like they are experiencing a Post-Impressionist painting. The poem offers a striking surrealistic effect. The poem prioritizes the expression of desire.

                                                      “We laugh like soft mad children

                                             Smug in the woolly cotton brains of infancy

                                                 The music and voices are all around us.”

Power- Morrison highlights the simple act of trying to achieve something in his poem, “Power”:

                                                “I can make myself invisible or small

                                     I can become gigantic and reach the farthest things

                                                I can change the course of nature

                                       I can place myself anywhere in space or time.”

Going through these verses, the readers who had lost faith in life would rediscover their willpower. This poem celebrates the divinity of willpower. Lines from the poem empower readers with the belief that anything can be achieved in life at any point of time with the simple act of repeated trying in spite of failures. The philosophy of the above poem echoes the views of the legendary monk, Swami Vivekananda. Swami Vivekananda preached that one should keep on trying till he/she reaches the goal.

     Morrison, as a poet, always believed that poetry preaches and delights by opening possibilities for individuals. To neutralize the demons of his unstable soul, he indulged in enigmatic and innovative poetic ventures. Prochnicky, Riordan, and Sugerman severely criticized Morrison’s poetry, linking it to weed culture and pessimism. But these critics overlook the hidden message in Morrison’s poem and unduly link his lifestyle to his poetry. As discussed in most of the poems, like “Stoned Immaculate,” “If Only I,” and “Power,” readers would notice that when the poet spoke about empowerment, it had no connection with weed or drugs. Morrison has celebrated the infiniteness of human form (open and closed forms of existence) and the salvation of the soul and mind only through the wings of poetry or imagination. He preached his readers to indulge their imagination and realize their inner self, not to be dictated by a superficial reality that tries to influence the perceptions of people in terms of shaping their inner identity or self. But we need to keep in mind that Morrison believes in achieving the infiniteness of identity and reality only through imagination, by excluding it from the static framework of society and not by consuming drugs. Critics who don’t take Morrison as a serious poet might rethink their stand after going through the unpublished poems and lyrics included in this anthology. This book is for every Jim Morrison fan and others who want to explore him from a 360-degree view and not just as a rock-star. This review is just a short trailer of the immense literary feast that this book offers. In short, the book is priceless in terms of literary value. And congratulations to all thinking of opening this Pandora’s Box after reading this review. To conclude, we would like to bring to the reader’s attention a few lines from the epilogue of the book, enriched by the inclusion of Morrison’s unpublished “As I Look Back,” which is a poetic memoir of his life.

                                                          “As I look back

                                                            Over my life

                                          I am struck by post cards Ruined snap shots

                                               faded posters Of a time, I can’t recall

                                                     Before the beach, & birth,

                                             was the home for travelers juvenile pen

                                              a barracks in limbo of souls sans desire

                                                    They instill desire, day by day

                                                                   & night too

                                                                   Parachute birth

                                                                1st moments as war

                                                                  1st days of pain

                                                                  Struggle toward

                                                               I told stories & led

                                                           Treasure hunts for children

                                                                  I led bicycle packs

                                                              chasing girls home from

                                                                 school & delighted in

                                                                     spanking them

                                                                  I rebelled against church

                                                                       after phases of

                                                                              fervor

                                                                 I curried favor in school

                                                                   & attacked the teachers

                                                                          I was given a

                                                                       desk in the corner

                                                                             I was a fool

                                                                                   &

                                                                    The smartest kid in Class”

Acknowledgement

Special thanks to Dr. Shuchi, Assistant Professor, Department of Humanities and Social Sciences, National Institute of  Technology Mizoram, Chaltlang, Aizawl, Mizoram, India for gifting me this book.

References

Morrison, J., & Robbins, T. (2022) 2nd ed. The Collected Works of Jim Morrison: Poetry, Journals, Transcripts, and Lyrics. Harper Design.

Morrison, J. (1971). The Lords and the New Creatures (11th Paperback Edition). Simon & Schuster.

Morrison, J. (1990). Wilderness. The Lost Writings of Jim Morrison (New Ed). Penguin.

Morrison, J. (1991). The American Night: The Writings of Jim Morrison, Vol. 2 (First Vintage Books Edition). Vintage.

Roy, D., & Kaparwan, S. (2022). Decoding the Poetical Genius of American Poet Jim Morrison. Comparative Literature: East &Amp; West, 6(1), 83–104. https://doi.org/10.1080/25723618.2022.2082048.

Dwaipayan Roy (Corresponding Author) is a research scholar based in the department of Basic Science and Humanities Social sciences, National Institute of Technology, Mizoram India. He is actively engaged in research of American Literature & popular culture under supervision of Dr. Shuchi, Assistant Professor, Basic Science and Humanities & Social Sciences at the National Institute of Technology Mizoram (NIT Mizoram). He has a major in English literature followed by M.A in American Literature. Apart from this he also has a B.ED specializing in English language teaching under his belt. He is also actively involved in philanthropic activities with few NGOs. The author can be contacted at Email-id-brucewayne130@gmail.com

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